Literature
- Kramp, P.L. 1959. The hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana Report 46: 1-283; 2 plates, 335 text figures.
- Russell, F.S. 1953a. The medusae of the British Isles. Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trachymedusae, and Narcomedusae. Cambridge University Press, 530 pp. 319 figures, 35 plates.
- Russell, F.S. 1953b. Hydromedusae. Families: Pandeidae and Tiarannidae. Fiches d'Identification du Zooplancton, 51 (1953). Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, Kopenhagen.